Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. . https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. The last eruption from E15 was in 1821 and so the volume of ash produced was expected. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. I was born here. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. 1). Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. This sentiment was not only directed to children growing up in the suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the local farming region. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. Based on what we. Population data for this period is available by municipality. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. 8). Internet Explorer). Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Short Term. And we could see. With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. (7 marks) In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. . The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. 7. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . A long-awaited eruption On March 19, the Icelandic Meteorological Office picked up a few low-frequency earthquakes that may have come from magma moving toward the surfacebut these were very . Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. 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