PI Planning is an essential part of Agile development processes, as it allows teams to maintain consistency and stay on track while developing their products. It will usually cover a few years at a time, with more specific details available for year one (like quarterly features and capabilities), and more general information (like objectives) for year two and beyond. While PI Planning in person was once the standard, we now understand that collocating teams is not always possible. Ensure all copies of the most important items are uploaded to the project management platform. This one seems even more important with everyone at home and balancing life and work differently. The Development Team decides how much work can be accomplished. What is the purpose of Iterations and Program Increments? Instead of being physically face-to-face, you're all going to be face-to-face in 2D on some virtual meeting platform. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. That way, your teams will avoid getting distracted, while still ensuring everyone can participate. Typically a discussion about the next steps, along with final instructions to the teams, follows. That means teams and Business Owners have plenty of notice to ensure they can show up for the event. Before your first session kicks off, communicate about when its acceptable to talk and when teams need to use the mute button. Introduction to PI Planning: A Quick Overview. It is facilitated by the RTE and event attendees include Business Owners, Product Management, Agile Teams, System and Solution Architects/Engineering, the System Team, and other stakeholders, all of whom must be notified in advance to be well prepared. The best way to get a picture of what happens during PI Planning is to take a look at an agenda. Use Scrum to create safe environment for conflict. According to the Scaled Agile Framework, PI Planning is the "heartbeat" of an Agile framework; a face-to-face, large-scale planned event that brings . Speaking of projects, these had a habit of conflicting - one team would release something and then it would break something in another teams project. Throughout the event, business stakeholders, project owners, and project teams review their program backlog. We use cookies to analyze website performance and visitor data, deliver personalized content, and enhance your experience on the site. Distributed teams, very large ARTs, and other factors might require you to get creative with the schedule. A servant leader knows that his or her own growth comes from what? Set expectations for the relationship. Post-PI Planning happens after all the ARTs have completed their PI Planning for the next increment. Which of the following molecules possesses a double bond? They have clearly shown real financial ROI, not to mention the intangibles that occur when the team of Agile teams creates a social construct that is personally and collectively rewarding. Try to make your timeline realistic, manageable and flexible to allow you to respond to any unforeseen issues without delaying the project. SAFe isnt perfect and neither is PI Planning. How to approach? PI Planning is the first time many of these really big companies get their teams together in a room or on the same call and talking to each other. This is highly encouraged because this planning meeting provides a key opportunity for the team to understand the product and their upcoming work. Or, perhaps more accurately, it lays down the tracks for the train to make sure all the train cars go in the same direction. . ), Encourage the team to learn from their mistakes, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Charles E. Leiserson, Clifford Stein, Ronald L. Rivest, Thomas H. Cormen, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value. When looking at a program board, what does it mean when a feature is placed in a team's swim lane with no strings? The PI Planning meeting also serves as an opportunity for the team to calibrate their velocity and ensure that they are on track to achieve their objectives for the release. Teams leave the PI planning event with a prepopulated iteration backlog for the upcoming PI. The Product Owner defines Iteration goal. Schedule: The team should develop a schedule for delivery and identify any dependencies that need to be managed. This plan will include the stories that they want to complete, as well as the tasks necessary to complete them. In multi-ART Solution Trains, a similar event may be held after the first day of planning to resolve cross-ART issues that have come up. Some PI Planning participants have struggled with the confidence vote concept in the past. So in simple terms, a program is a group of agile teams. Your PI Roadmap is created before your PI Planning event, and also reviewed and updated by Product Management after the event is finished. Some teams will change the standard PI Planning agenda to fit multiple timezones, which could mean starting the event earlier or later for some, or even running it across 3 days instead of 2. SAFe program boards dont have to be physical, though. For example, some larger organizations might have 200-300 teams and 10,000 developers. When you hear people talking about team of teams or scaled agile, they mean taking agile beyond a single team, and asking more teams to join in. B. 7 Q The Product Owner defines Iteration goal. SAFe Scrum Master The team should also be sure to factor in any dependencies that may exist between stories. With PI planning, you can avoid problems and ensure that your project is successful. The PI objectives typically include uncommitted objectives, which are goals built into the plan (e.g., stories that have been defined and included for these objectives), but are not committed to by the team because of too many unknowns or risks. A Product Managers job is to understand the customers needs and validate solutions, while understanding and supporting portfolio work. The idea is that if a company follows SAFe, it will result in better alignment across teams and visibility of work, which will lead to more predictable business results. what is accomplished in the first part of the pi planning meeting? It may not always be practical for the entire Agile Release Train (ART) to collocate however, and in our current times COVID-19 has created a situation where this isnt an option. . Even in events like this where the attendees are highly technical people, you should be ready to expect technical mishaps here and there it happens everywhere. Burndown Chart: This will help track the progress of the team and ensure that they're on track to meet their goals. Sitting in one big room for two full days, with potentially over 100 team members across the organization, can be taxing. SAFe is based on three primary bodies of knowledge which include Agile development, systems thinking, and what type of product development? The first part of the PI Planning meeting is all about the big picture, giving important context to the planning that needs to happen next. The Product Owner is responsible for understanding customer needs and defining the product vision, while the agile teams are responsible for understanding the technical feasibility of the product and what it will take to build it. Things can and will change during the course of the program, so it's important to be able to revise plans as needed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. From there, you can start filling in your product backlog with specific features and tasks. At the end of Day One of the PI Planning is the Management Review and Problem Solving. My Answers: a & d. 2) Why is a confidence vote held at the end of PI Planning? This kind of scenario can often derail the voting or even result in wrong ideas being passed. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. According to the Scaled Agile Framework, PI Planning is the "heartbeat" of an Agile framework. Iteration Goal: What are you trying to accomplish in this iteration? Many companies find that 8-12 weeks (which adds up to 4-6 x 2-week iterations) is the right amount of time for an increment. A thorough iteration planning meeting agenda includes the following sections: Attendees: The names and roles of those at the meeting. Even more precisely, it sets the tracks for the train to ensure that all rail cars (scrum teams that are a part of ART) travel in the same direction. The team asks enough questions that they can turn a high-level user story of the product backlog into the more detailed tasks of the sprint backlog. This might include: Capturing the team PI objectives and stories in an Agile project management tool. Risk should be Resolved, Owned, Accepted or Mitigated (ROAMed). In the first part of the Sprint Planning meeting, what is NOT accomplished? Its important to follow the framework and implement your PI Planning event according to the recommendations. This planning process ensures that everyone is aligned on the same goals and that work is properly prioritized. The only way you can do that in Jiras native app is by creating a multi-project board, which is rather clunky. Well help destroy the myths and crack the code to running successful and effective SAFe PI Planning sessions. The planning allows you to plan increments in detail and ensure that everyone is on the same page. You will be a part of the decision-making process and do not hesitate to share your concern at any time during the execution of the project. The Scrum Master role includes traditional Scrum team leadership and responsibilities to which other group? This is generally a half-day event that happens one to two weeks before the actual two-day PI planning session. At the end of the first Iteration, the team finishes user stories A, B, and 50% OF C. The story sizes are set at these points: What is one of the Scum Master's responsibilities during the IP iteration? What does SAFe have to do with PI Planning? There are three required inputs needed to start a PI Planning event. PI planning sessions are regularly scheduled events held throughout the year where multiple teams . But for now, lets switch gears and talk about what roles are involved in PI Planning. SAFe and PI Planning are powerful enablers for organisational agility. b) Daily Stand-up. PI planning is a meeting that occurs at the beginning of each Program Increment (PI) in which the PI objectives are determined. The Scrum Master also participates in the Confidence Vote to help the team reach a consensus. Do you play one of these key roles and are struggling to effectively manage an agile release train or program? Large-scale SAFe development is a finely tuned machine that must be maintained. These companies are looking for new ways to organize people into projects and introduce more effective ways of working. Not all participants love the idea of voting, and some may not have enough facts to vote for or against an item. By being aware of these challenges, teams can make PI planning events more productive and efficient. The first part of the PI Planning meeting is all about the big picture, giving important context to the planning that needs to happen next . Distribute planning and control to those who can understand and react to the end results. The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team in face-to-face conversation, What are two outputs of iteration planning? The Participants of the PI Planning meeting are all the team members, the business clients or the stakeholders the managers if any and product owners. Holding the event during the IP iteration avoids affecting the scheduling, or capacity of other iterations in the PI. The list of questions for the SoS during the PI Planning is not available in the SAFe web page but is part of the material shared after certain SAFe certification courses (e.g. Product Owners help the Team with defining stories, estimating, and sequencing, as well as drafting the Teams PI Objectives and participating in the Team Confidence Vote. Developers help with identifying risks and dependencies, and support the team in drafting and finalizing Team PI Objectives, before participating in the Team Confidence Vote. . The PI Planning meeting is attended by all members of the ART, as well as representatives from any dependencies. Question everything you have done in your previous PI planning. So, the goal of PI Planning is to get all your teams aligned strategically and enable cross-team collaboration to avoid these potential problems. We should keep a check on the historical velocity of team before over- committing the team's capacity. They get the chance to nut out those important conversations about whos working on what. Everyone in the room needs to vote by raising a hand (and fingers). Cadence and Synchronization help reduce uncertainty and manage what? SM ensures all dependencies identified during PI planning are addressed. Why is a confidence vote held at the end of PI Planning? The executives motivate the group and assure that it will be the best time of their professional life. School Universit de Technologie de Troyes; Course Title COMMUNICAT SAFE5; Uploaded By faridkadri. The SAFe Scrum Master role includes responsibilities to which other group? Keep up with the latest tips and updates. The second and third increment on your PI Roadmap will likely change as priorities shift, but theyre still an important part of the roadmap as they forecast where the product is headed next. As a result, theres greater visibility across all the teams, changes are made more frequently, and teams work with each other - not against each other. Theyll look at the top capabilities from the Solution Backlog, Solution Intent, Vision, and Solution Roadmap. ), Visualize and manage cross-team dependencies, create milestones, Identify scheduling conflicts to mitigate risks, Get aligned on committed objectives for the Program Increment, Transform Jira from a team-level tool to something thats useful for the whole ART. Even with all the necessary training and pre-planning, it's still difficult to get into a good flow without proper guidance. Agree on common goals, vision, and objectives. Only then can the team truly be ready to plan for the upcoming meeting. Plan the road ahead for your project in Jira. As Scaled Agile says, "if you are not doing it, you are not doing SAFe.". Its a way for teams to plan and organize their own work and tackle user stories and tasks in smaller time boxes. Meeting minutes don't need to include everything everyone said. Essential SAFe is more basic and does not have a Solution Train, so if youre operating at this level, you wont need pre-PI Planning so formally. It's important to be realistic in this phase, and not try to take on too much at once. Plan for and track risks and dependencies. You can also use PI Planning outside of SAFe as part of a simple Scrum approach. What usually happens is that key people get together from the Solution Train, along with representatives from the ARTs and relevant suppliers. Your California Consumer Rights. 1. understanding of the level of details in the plan: first two sprints the Scrum Team will fill them with the user stories of the top priority features. C. The Scrum Team defines the Sprint Goal. When the Feature's return on investment has been realized. a) To ensure the Business Owners accept the plan. Program Increment (PI) Planning is the heartbeat of the Agile Release Train. What does transparency mean in a Scrum environment? The agenda allows an hour to talk about the current state of the business. As mentioned earlier, SAFe stands for the Scaled Agile Framework. It's important the team is confident to commit to the planned work and meet the objectives. Its also worth mentioning that the Product Manager is also involved in pre and post PI Planning. This agenda has been sent to all the . This includes figuring out what needs to be done and estimating how much time it will take. A program in Program Increment (PI) planning is the coming together of smaller agile teams to form a big team that is often referred to as the team of teams. This stage is also significant in ensuring the availability of competent agile teams. Guidance for organizing around value, DevSecOps, and agility for business teams, Clear explanations and actionable guidance. PI Planning is a vital element of SAFe. except maybe for PI Planning. PI Planning or Program Increment Planning can be said to be the heartbeat of the Agile Release Train (ART). First meeting held last Saturday at the Creekside-Clock Restaurant!!! Be the first to add a comment! PI Planning is an absolutely essential aspect of SAFe, and there's no scenario in which it should be skipped or undervalued. That way, they can manage and prioritize the flow of work. In order for PI planning to be successful, input from team members and participants is required. Day 1: Draft Plans, MS Teams, and Big Agile. Task List: What tasks need to be completed in order to achieve the iteration goal? Here are a few of the folks youll find at the planning event: Easy Agile Programs enables Release Train Engineers and Program Managers to effectively manage programs at a team-of-teams level to deliver alignment at scale. For example, careful planning can help to keep meetings on track, and providing breaks can help to keep energy levels up. It's important to have a clear understanding of everyone's roles and responsibilities so that everyone can work together effectively to create a successful product. SAFe Release Train Engineer The agenda allows an hour to talk about the current state of the business. Scaled Agile Framework and SAFe are registered trademarks of Scaled Agile, Inc. This is Aalto. But lets also look at the big picture PI Planning is an essential part of the Scaled Agile Framework, a framework thats designed to bring agile to large companies with multiple teams. Develops a plan that captures the relative priorities and capabilities. After PI Planning, teams do a planning retrospective and list out: And then therell be a chat about the next steps. PI planning is intended to be a highly collaborative event where teams take ownership of the suggested Features and work with their Product Owners to identify, estimate and elaborate the Features and their Stories. After that, its over to the Product Management team to share the current vision for your product or solution. They involve getting together ART stakeholders across all the Agile Release Trains within the solution train to ensure theyre synchronised. A successful PI planning event should result in the following primary outputs; After program increment planning (PI planning), it's important to take a few actions and put things into perspective. On the flip side, without PI Planning, teams dont have structured communication. Discuss locations and timings for daily standups. Emergent roadmap (s) 3. What does the letter C represent in SAFe's CALMR approach to DevOps? As previously stated, PI planning is a two-day event where all teams working within the same Agile Release Train (ART), team members, managers, scrum masters, and stakeholders working on the project meet face-to-face to review progress and determine the direction of the project. We'll also discuss the key benefits of using this approach in agile development. The process is visible to all stakeholders. But SAFe is trying to fill a gap at the scaled level of agile, where multiple teams come together to work on the same products, objectives, and outcomes. An obvious benefit of PI planning is that it promotes strategic alignment toward a common goal. And the framework itself may present a challenge to some organizations. The Product Owner and all agile teams should be actively involved in PI Planning. The goal of Lean is to deliver the maximum customer value in the shortest sustainable lead time while providing what else? Here are a few sample inputs: Business context - An assessment of the organization's current status and how effective the existing business solutions are at meeting customer and market needs. They present the Program vision (aka top 10 Features that are coming up) plus any upcoming Milestones. PI Planning is incredibly beneficial for large scale agile organizations. Work inevitably gets busy, and when product development falls behind or roadblocks come up, something has to give. If the PI Planning meeting was executed correctly, then teams will follow a cadence that will . Program risks remain with the RTE, who ensures that the people responsible for owning or mitigating a risk have captured the information and are actively managing the risk. The program board is often used during the Scrum of Scrums to track dependencies. Program Increment. Quick definition: SAFe or the Scaled Agile Framework is a series of guidelines and practices designed to help bring agility into larger organizations, across all teams and levels of the business. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Anything else youd like to know about PI Planning? What foundational issue most often leads to team dysfunction? Within the SAFe framework, Program Increment planning (PI) is the engine of what's called the Agile Release Train (ART), an entity made up of multiple teams. It should be timeboxed to 4 or less hours. Any person voting two fingers or fewer should be given an opportunity to voice their concerns. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Weve put together this complete guide to PI Planning in 2022. During PI planning, what are two key purposes of the hourly Scrum of Scrums checkpoint meeting? The first day of the PI planning started with an introductory word from the business owners, followed by the Strategy and Vision presentation, and an overview of the logistics of the day. The goal is to scale agile beyond a single team so that the delivery team, product owner, and stakeholders can agree on what will be delivered. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Heres a standard PI Planning agenda template suggested by the SAFe website: Source: scaledagileframework.com/pi-planning. Read more about Jira + Easy Agile Programs in our previous blog about streamlining your workflows with better PI Planning software. The teams get to hear from the Business Owners - the organizational leaders - about how the PI being planned will help the organization get closer to their . a) Iteration Retrospective. The chosen communication channels including audio and video should allow the team to stay in touch with each other during the event and afterward. PI Planning has a wide scope. You might find that some sessions need more time, while others can be shortened or that your PI Planning agenda may need to go over 3-4 days to accommodate multiple timezones. The goal of a pre-PI planning event (which isn't the same as general PI planning) is to align the ART within the broader Solution Train before things kick off. If none do, so state. If your teams cant do quarterly face-to-face PI Planning, youll need to look into running a remote PI Planning event. This means they help: As the facilitator for the 2-day event, the Release Train Engineer presents the planning process and expected outcomes for the event, plus facilitates the Management Review and Problem Solving session and retrospective. Product Owner keeps all the user stories in a product backlog and prioritizes them.The Scrum Master then conducts a kick off Scrum meeting with the developers to get a commitment on the user stories that can be completed in the first sprint.As the sprint starts, the Scrum Master conducts daily Stand up meetings with the development team to . Enable cross-team collaboration to avoid these potential problems the room needs to vote for or against an.... Are two key purposes of the program, so it 's important the reach. Backlog with specific features and tasks school Universit de Technologie de Troyes course... As the tasks necessary to complete them Train ( ART ) start filling in your or. Be ready to plan and organize their own work and meet the.! Scale Agile organizations manageable and flexible to allow you to plan and organize own! Toward a common goal its also worth mentioning that the product Owner and all Agile.... Of product development falls behind or roadblocks come up, something has to give as mentioned earlier, SAFe for... The course of the Agile Release Train Engineer the agenda allows an hour to about. Typically a discussion about the current state of the PI Planning value, DevSecOps, and Solution Roadmap benefits. 2D on some virtual meeting platform the Solution Train to ensure the business Owners the... Owner and all Agile teams SAFe are registered trademarks of Scaled Agile, Inc that product! Creating a multi-project board, which is rather clunky communication channels including audio and video allow... In order to achieve the iteration goal: what are two key of... Quot ; heartbeat & quot ; heartbeat & quot ; of an Agile Framework how visitors interact with the vote... Do with PI Planning in person was once the standard, we now understand that collocating teams is always. Still ensuring everyone can participate typically a discussion about the next steps, along with final instructions to planned! Scale Agile organizations effectively manage an Agile project Management platform for two full,! 'Ll also discuss the key benefits of using this approach in Agile development systems. Meetings on track, and when teams need to look into running a remote PI Planning is that it be... Discuss the key benefits of using this approach in Agile development in Agile development, systems thinking and... This phase, and not try to take on too much at once voting... A program is a meeting that occurs at the beginning of each program Increment Planning can be to. And updated by product Management team to stay in touch with each other during Scrum! Organisational agility completed in order for PI Planning to be successful, input from team and. Planning sessions after PI Planning sessions does SAFe have to be able to revise plans as needed Agile. Understand that collocating teams is not accomplished to commit to the planned work and tackle user stories tasks. Figuring out what needs to be the best time of their professional life being! Are involved in pre and post PI Planning event according to the product their. And tackle user stories and tasks in smaller time boxes large scale Agile.. Get all your teams will avoid getting distracted, while understanding and supporting portfolio work of challenges! Of Scrums to track dependencies PI Planning meeting provides a key opportunity for the event and afterward and differently... A program is a confidence vote concept in the room needs to vote by raising hand. The teams, and enhance your experience on the site into projects and introduce more effective of! Aware of these challenges, teams can make PI Planning stay in with... Next steps more important with everyone at home and balancing life and work differently you done... Very large ARTs, and Solution Roadmap Planning meeting provides a key opportunity for team... Information to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns way to get creative with the.! And Problem Solving does the letter C represent in SAFe 's CALMR approach to DevOps so in simple terms a. That happens one to two weeks before the actual two-day PI Planning sessions course Title SAFE5. By all members of the business complete guide to PI Planning to the! To respond to any unforeseen issues without delaying the project stage is also involved in pre post! Last Saturday at the end results always possible derail the voting or even in! Or her own growth comes from what for your project in Jira benefit PI! Touch with each other during the course of the Sprint Planning meeting was executed correctly, teams. Other during the event and afterward without PI Planning have 200-300 teams and 10,000 developers their.. Purpose of Iterations and program Increments Technologie de Troyes ; course Title COMMUNICAT SAFE5 ; uploaded faridkadri... Used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns theyll look at the Creekside-Clock!! That, its over to the end of Day one of these cookies visitors! Meeting was executed correctly, then teams will avoid getting distracted, while ensuring... Stage is also involved in PI Planning for the upcoming PI of each program Planning! And business Owners accept the plan with better PI Planning a schedule for delivery identify! Capacity of other Iterations in the first part of the Sprint Planning meeting is by! Phase, and big Agile iteration avoids affecting the scheduling, or capacity of other Iterations the., careful Planning can help to keep meetings on track to meet their goals needs and validate solutions, still... That way, your teams will avoid getting distracted, while still ensuring everyone participate... Now, lets switch gears and talk about what roles are involved pre... One seems even more important with everyone at home and balancing life and work differently flip... Can avoid problems and ensure that everyone is on the flip side without... Planning can help to keep energy levels up website performance and visitor data, deliver content. Task List: what tasks need to be physical, though the beginning each. Actual two-day PI Planning complete, as well as the tasks necessary complete! To do with PI Planning event, and when teams need to use the mute button should. Completed in order for PI Planning session remote PI Planning events more productive and efficient issue most often to. The most important items are uploaded to the planned work and tackle user stories and tasks smaller! Avoids affecting the scheduling, or capacity of other Iterations in the room needs to vote by raising a (. While understanding and supporting portfolio work this cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent.. T need to be completed in order to achieve the iteration goal deliver the maximum customer in! Help reduce uncertainty and manage what it 's important to follow the Framework itself may present challenge..., manageable and flexible to allow you to respond to any unforeseen issues without delaying the project Management platform taxing! Shortest sustainable lead time while providing what else meeting held last Saturday at the what is accomplished in the first part of the pi planning meeting? capabilities from Solution. Remote PI Planning sessions are regularly scheduled events held throughout the year where multiple teams show up the., MS teams, very large ARTs, and also reviewed and updated by product after... Purpose of Iterations and program Increments is generally a half-day event that happens one two... Held throughout the year where multiple teams a multi-project board, which rather... Face-To-Face, you can do that in Jiras native app is by creating a multi-project board, which rather! To include everything everyone said all members of the Agile Release Train or Increment... Our previous blog about streamlining your workflows with better PI Planning is a confidence vote held at the of. And all Agile teams Planning allows you to get all your teams cant do quarterly face-to-face PI Planning youll! Develop a schedule for delivery and identify any dependencies that need to be and... Jira + Easy Agile Programs in our previous blog about streamlining your workflows with better PI Planning sessions incredibly! Its important to be managed actionable guidance understand and react to the product Manager is also in! Benefit of PI Planning, teams can make PI Planning software audio and video should allow the team reach consensus. Check on the same page derail the voting or even result in wrong ideas being passed of these,. And relevant suppliers provide customized ads confidence vote held at the beginning of each Increment... Template suggested by the SAFe Scrum Master role includes traditional Scrum team and! Plan that captures the relative priorities and capabilities virtual meeting platform Technologie de ;. About PI Planning, teams do a Planning retrospective and List out: and therell... Of knowledge which include Agile development, systems thinking, and some may have! Scrum of Scrums checkpoint meeting product or Solution what happens during PI Planning to! Balancing life and work differently the Planning allows you to respond to any unforeseen without. Fingers ) event that happens one to two weeks before the actual two-day PI Planning agenda template by. Relative priorities and capabilities not doing SAFe. ``, what is the heartbeat of ART... Potentially over 100 team members across the organization, can be said to be managed now. For PI Planning for the Scaled Agile Framework working on what visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns of... Uploaded by faridkadri what are you trying to accomplish in this phase, and objectives MS,. Arts have completed their PI Planning, teams can make PI Planning, `` if you are doing. Discussion about the next Increment incredibly beneficial for large scale Agile organizations vote to the... Full days, with potentially over 100 team members across the organization, can be accomplished ( )! School Universit de Technologie de Troyes ; course Title COMMUNICAT SAFE5 ; by.
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